“Europe is sending us measles”, says Doctor Eduardo Suárez, director of the immunization programme at the Department of Health of El Salvador. And with good reason. Whilst the Americas declared itself to be free of this disease, outbreaks multiplied in significantly higher-income countries. Almost 26,000 cases were registered in Europe in 2015, far more than the 611 registered across the American continent, the majority of which were in Canada and the United States.

Whilst in other areas of the planet the problem is due to lack of resources, in the richest zones of the planet the origin is not to be found in the lack of means but in its scope (which leaves out certain isolated communities) and a lack of confidence in vaccines. The resurgence of certain diseases that had been practically forgotten occurs, in the majority of cases, in marginalised communities that are not covered by basic services. Occasionally, the problem has nothing to do with the resources available: certain parents simply choose not to vaccinate their children despite the WHO recommendations.

Germany registered 2,464 measles cases in 2015, only exceeded in Europe by Kyrgyzstan. In Silicon Valley new outbreaks are being recorded, along with vaccination rates below the required minimum, whilst the new President of the United States, Donald Trump, has met with leaders of anti-vaccine movements. In Spain, in 2015, following three decades with no recorded cases, an unvaccinated child died of diphtheria.

Italy had vaccinated 82% of children that were due their second dose of measles vaccine, a figure significantly below the level required to achieve herd immunity. The 85% immunization rate in the country for the first dose of the measles vaccination does not score much better. San Marino barely exceeded a rate of 50%.

The immunization rate in Denmark has fallen over recent years to 80% for the second dose of the measles vaccine. The country is outperformed by over 100 countries, including Sri Lanka and Algeria for instance. France did not provide 2015 data to the WHO, however in 2014 the country’s immunization rate was 74%. A low score, but better than previous years - the country recorded 67% in 2013.

In fact, France is the country with the lowest vaccine confidence level, according to the project The Vaccine Confidence 2016, carried out by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine for which 65,819 people were interviewed in 67 countries. 40% of French respondents (vs. an average of 12% worldwide) responded that they disagreed or strongly disagreed with the following statement: “Vaccines are safe”.

Seven of the ten countries with the lowest vaccine confidence level were European. This is despite the fact that serious side effects are extremely rare, acording most investigations. This question worries the experts on immunization from the WHO.

One of the arguments of certain anti-vaccine movements is based on the false relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism. In 1998, Andrew Wakefield published a study in The Lancet in which he claimed to prove this link. In 2010, after many colleagues refuted these claims, the magazine retracted the article.

The fraud was gradually revealed : Wakefield had been paid by a lawyer who recruited parents of autistic children to initiate a lawsuit against pharmacists, in a case which was dismissed by the U.S. courts. Both deceived the parents, fabricated results and concealed their financial interest in the investigation. Despite the evidence against it, certain people, including the new President of the United States, continue to uphold this theory.

Healthy young child goes to doctor, gets pumped with massive shot of many vaccines, doesn't feel good and changes - AUTISM. Many such cases!

— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) 28 de marzo de 2014

In 1953, the young Peter L. Salk smiled for the camera whilst his father, Jonas Salk, gave him the polio vaccination that he had invented himself. He followed in his father’s footsteps, devoting his life to vaccination research, as well as presiding over the foundation that bore his name, and the legacy of his father, who died in 1995.

In an interview in The Atlantic, he stated that the problems of lack of information that accompanies the anti-vaccine movements are threefold: concerns about living “naturally”, lack of confidence in the institutions and pharmacists, and the fact that many of those diseases are no longer present in our everyday life.

This is not the case in regions where epidemics of diseases such as measles or cases of polio are much more recent. Or in the memory of the elderly.

A recent memory of the awfulness of an epidemic, along with a consciousness of the current difficulties in accessing healthcare, mean that in certain regions, such as Central America, confidence in vaccines is far greater. The initial fear of vaccines in rural areas (a fear of the unknown) has not transformed into true anti-vaccine sentiment, it remains anecdotal. Such communities have moved from “hiding their children” when vaccination campaigns arrived in their towns to “pushing their children to the front of the queue” for vaccines, according to Ademir Vásquez, from the Ministry of Health of Guatemala’s national immunization programme.

How do we deal with this?

Every person interviewed for this article repeated the same word: education. But this is not straightforward. An article by journalist Javier Salas in El País compiled various studies showing that neither information overload, nor scare campaigns built around the potential consequences, nor enforcement of the vaccine was successful. In fact, these methods can be counter-productive.

So, what is the solution? A study published in 2011 by the paediatrician Allison Kempe proved that the best way was via the family doctor. Their advice, based on personal experiences –a ‘what would I do if it was my child’ approach- works.

El Salvador passed a law ruling that all children must present their immunization records in order to begin school. The director of the Ministry of Health’s immunization programme admits that, in practice, they would not deny an unvaccinated child their schooling, as this would create a barrier to another basic right - education. However, they can take advantage of this scheme to encourage families to ensure that children’s immunization records are up to date.

Eduardo Suárez explains his stance from an office filled with face masks (in case someone falls ill), whilst enthusiastically defending vaccination, not just in childhood, but throughout our lifetime. He admits that he sometimes has to force colleagues at the ministry to get vaccinated and condemns the Latin American media for using the term “vaccinate” as a synonym of something negative, compulsory and unpleasant. This makes it impossible to educate, says Suárez.

Anti-vaccine movements are nothing new. In the past, they were linked to a fear of the new, the unknown. It has been this way since the first vaccine, created by Edward Jenner against smallpox. The fact that this immunization involved vaccination of a human with the bovine version of the disease surprised and alarmed many, who believed that the vaccine could cause shocking deformities. Nowadays, the anti-vaccine sentiment stems from a lack of confidence in institutions, pharmacists, organisations and even scientific evidence.